Transact SQL :: Create A Function To Define Query-filter

Is there a way to define a query-filter (Example: WHERE column1 > 5 AND column2 = 'value') in a function?

So I can create a query like this:

SELECT *
  FROM Table
  WHERE MyFunction()

I know it's a bit of a strange question, but I'm writing a dynamic software that will have the ability to run Stored Procedures on any database to create some data-checks. Through parametrisation, a user can define for a specific Stored Procedure that some results are no longer necessary in the result-set.

Example:
ID - Name - State
1 - Jozef De Veuster - Mad
2 - Piet Husentruut - Not Happy
3 - Jeroen Meus - Angry

Is the result of a Stored Procedure "Show_me_unhappy_persons". But we already know that Jozef De Veuster is ALWAYS Mad, so a user can say: Exclude ID = 1, so it won't appear anymore in the result.

I want to handle this by doing:

SELECT *
FROM PeopleStates
WHERE --Some stuff--
AND CheckUserExclusions(SomeID)
And CheckUserExclusions will translate to "NOT (ID = 1)"